The article is devoted to spiritual culture lexicon
of Sami of the Kola Peninsula. The paper is the first experience
of classification, semantic and structural analysis of
pre-Christian beliefs vocabulary in Kildin dialect of the Sámi
language. The research reveals and characterizes the following
thematic groups of pre-Christian vocabulary: vocabulary
of totemism, fetishism, animism, shamanism and magicians
vocabulary. The analysis of pre-Christian beliefs vocabulary
helps to reconstruct a fragment of the Sami world view on a
linguistic basis.

The article deals with the language personality
of mock text as it is coordinated with that of the original text.
Special attention is paid to the authors intention to enhance
the modality of his own text by means of various modal words
and expressions. The author claims that the very nature of
the original text influences the modality of the mock text which
consequently shows stylistic and functional dependence. It is
also possible to state that the mock text is to a large extent
conditioned by the stylistic and functional characteristics of
the original text with respect to the lexical peculiarities of modal
words and expressions.

The subject of the article is the functioning of
transcultural intertextuality as a special type of intertextual
connections in creolized texts of written communication.
Study of cultural connotations and the means of their conveyance
is carried out in both verbal and iconic components. The
author relies on facts from the latest research on the functioning
of creolized texts in intra- and intercultural surroundings
and points out lack of in-depth research in spite of great interest
from scientists. The author attempts to define transcultural
intertexuality, and describe its functioning in creolized texts.

The article views globalization in higher education
in terms of the interaction and interdependence of
education, economy and culture as reflected in the English
and Russian languages. The emerging synergy effect entails
certain changes in collocability of key words and terms inherent
in each of the above-mentioned spheres. New collocations
allow us to trace the transformation direction within
single European area of higher education. The author studies
the language units belonging to the core of the frames which
determine the vector of its development, such as competition,
mobility, investment, language. The study is based on
authentic materials preceding and following the Bologna declaration
as well as publications in the media providing critical
reasoning for global changes in higher education.

The present paper deals with the problems,
that are connected with the key notion of comparative linguistics
called parental language (protolanguage). Although
in the history of linguistic science there were some attempts
to compromise this notion, it remains generally accepted
both in scientific and educational literature. But the problem
of the objective criteria, that give us the possibility to define
the exact period of its disintegration, i.e. the time, when the
parental language ceases its existence and the history of the
different kin languages begins, is still in many of its aspects
unsolved. Due to the systemiс and structural character of the
language on the one hand, and its social nature on the other,
the authors suggest differentiating the two aspects mentioned
taking into account a possibility of their non-coincidence in
some cases.

This article explores certain semantic processes
in the Germanic poetic texts which have been studied so far
only superficially. It contains the analysis of a specific connotative
general meaning which is created by the alliterating
words in a line of a poetic text and is identified here as
the internal semantic unity. This phenomenon was extracted
through the research of the Germanic didactic poetry. As a
rule, the interlineal semantic unity is tripartite and consists of
the neutral nucleus devoid of any emotional component and
two descriptive elements which give it a certain association
and are connected with it through the means of alliteration.

The article is devoted to the lexico-semantic
field of probability in the English language. The paper clarifies
the notion of probability. It explores linguistic means of expressing
the given meaning. The article discusses the problem
of the field in linguistics and examines the main criteria
of its formation. It contains reference about the origin and the
development of semantic field in linguistics. The author offers
a set of mutually defining items of the semantic field of probability
with its basic and peripheral units.

This article discusses the structuring mechanism
of complex and simple sentences based on the underlying
nuclear structure. Particular attention is paid to modelling
with a modified word order, elliptic sentences, and complex
propositions with nested structures. Analysis of the mechanism
of generating sentences is based on close interaction of
the components: syntactic, morphological and phonetic. The
analysis involves a systematic study of operations that constitute
the essence of the transformation process. Conclusions
are made about the dependence of the quantity of transformational
changes on the degree of complexity of sentences.

This article presents the results of formal analysis
of attributive complexes in modern English. The importance
of this analysis is determined by lack of formal research
that would provide data on the balance between different
types of attributive phrases in modern English. Meanwhile,
the study of the relative frequency of certain types of attributive
complexes in the English language will provide information
on which type of phenomena (language or speech) the
particular attributive complexes belong to. Obviously, there
are complexes built on the basis of fixed language models,
while peripheral attributive complexes originate in speech and
are created ad hoc.

The article is devoted to the socioрhonic factor
in sound variation. The author defines and analyses mechanisms
of linguistic change, considered in the context of a linguistic
community; and conducts the experimental phonetic
research. The article views the results of the research which
allowed to estimate the degree of comprehension shown by
students while working on the texts of different styles and
read by native speakers of different ages. The research made
it possible to discover the most complicated moments in the
work with the phonetic material.

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis
of biblical expressions in the English and Russian languages
and their function peculiarities in a contemporary text. The
subject of the analysis is the syntactical structure of biblical
phraseological units and its ability to vary in both languages.
Also the paper explores the lexical contents of the biblical expressions.
The examples from modern English and Russian
given in the article show the differences in the interpretation
of biblical expressions, the power of biblical allusion, and their
adaptation to a present-day context.

Interpreters quite often face the necessity of
translating realia. Being a mismatched element of the language,
realia may refer to notions that are little known in
other cultures, which presents special difficulty. In this article,
we deal with realia, used in one of the best-known books of
Frederick Forsyth - «The day of the Jackal». It abounds in
different realia, being an integral part of any detective. In such
works, the usage of realia plays a special role in understanding
events.

The article is devoted to peculiarities of the
natural scientific text and problem of translating terms in the
book The Origin of Species by Ch. Darwin. The basis of the
research is the analysis of the existing translations of XIX-XX
centuries. The analysis shows that translating the scientific
text, that bears scientifically new information, can stimulate
the appearance of new terms in the language of translation.

The article deals with the issues of culture-specific
vocabulary of American life at the end of the nineteenth
century found in the novel Titan by Theodore Dreiser, its
expression in the original text and the ways it was translated
into the Russian language. Several examples of different
ways of translating the words which have no direct equivalents
in other languages were given in this research. The aim
of this research is to single out culture-specific vocabulary in
the original text and to determine both the most wide-spread
and the least-spread ways of its translation. In the course of
the work all the translations were subdivided into different
groups. The paper offers a linguistic-cultural description of the
words with no direct equivalents in other languages. It allows
to evaluate the adequacy of the given translations.

The article considers such concepts as language
and culture, linguistic world image, connotation of names of
famous historical heroes and place-names in fiction, peculiarities
of translating realia: proper names and toponyms on the
material of historical novel Ben Hur by Lew Wallace. Realia
translation is one of the most complicated and urgent issues
in translation theory. When researching methods of translation
of antique, Old Testament and Early Christian realia it is
necessary to take into account the overlapping of three linguistic
world images: of Hebrew (or Latin), English and Russian,
as well as their time co-relation.

Phonetic arrangement manifests itself in the
content of poetic text, therefore, pragmatically marked sounds
constitute an essential part of the obligatory translation dominant.
Due to the objective differences between two languages
and versification systems structural transformations on phonetic
level are inevitable and usually only the function and
position of the sound element irrespective of its acoustic quality
is preserved in translation. But the phonosemantic process
is determined by subjective factors and the sound aspect of
each translation is only one of the possible idioprojections.

The paper considers the problem of increased
semantic-stylistic value of a single word within the frames of
the poetic text, provides estimation of this phenomenon by linguists
and specialists in translation studies and reviews current
methods of analyzing the poems vocabulary (the diversification
coefficient, the frequency of words, the number of
word forms). The author suggests a new method of analysis
of the relations between vocabulary quantity in the source text
and its translation developed by the authors, called by them
a porosity coefficient of the text, which can serve as an additional
method for determining the adequacy of translations.

The paper explores the peculiarities of English
and Russian phonetic terminology formation. It analyses the
history of the studies in the area of linguistic terminology, including
special lexical units serving to denote speech and its
particular features. The terminological units related to English
and Russian phonetics are examined from the point of view of
their structural properties. The formal analysis of the terms in
question allows to make a conclusion about structural peculiarities
of the languages for special purposes in English and
Russian language cultures.

The purpose of this article is to reveal differences
in the interpretation of the concept of psycholinguistics in
Russian and Western (British in particular) research tradition.
Although the same term is used by all researchers, its meaning
in Russian and English literature is not identical. The English
concept of the term is comparatively narrow and does not
include paralinguistic or socio- and ethno-cultural aspects of
language behaviour. However, this does not mean that Western
researchers do not investigate the relationship between
language and culture, between linguistic and ethno-psychological
and ethnocultural factors. At the end of the 1980s a
number of British researchers started to classify their work
as belonging to linguistic ethnography. The article attempts
to establish the position of this new discipline in the body of
British psycholinguistic research.

The article focuses on the notion and the subject
of the study of the new scientific discipline called media linguistics.
The author explores certain functional genre types of
media texts which have developed fixed format features. The
research involves lexico-grammatical and functional- stylistic
analysis of the Internet versions of articles from the British
newspapers «The Guardian» and «The Times». Having carried
out the linguotextual analysis of the British media texts,
the author points out the way such a broad variety of stylistic,
grammatical and semantic peculiarities of the information
transmission in the British media texts has become one of the
stimuli to create media linguistics.

The article reviews the status of translation
methods in modern translation studies. The main attention is
paid to the study of the translation methodologies, which are
developed within the framework of transformational and action
ontologies. On the basis of English-Russian translation
the author analyses the nature of substitutions and translational
transformations, the principle of their interaction and
motives for their application. Translational transformations
are regarded as evidence of variation of a language form in
translation.

The present article concerns the formation
of English language law terminology in the early stage of
Scandinavian and Norman influence. Random synchronic
comparative analysis of Old English prototerms with those in
Old Scandinavian languages was conducted, followed by the
diachronic analysis of lexical units in order to determine when
and why their gradual substitution by Norman or Latin words
took place. The paper also deals with translation peculiarities
of Old English law terms.

The article explores the application of cognitive
approach to translation, expands the terminology of contemporary
translation studies. The paper offers a definition of
«translation lingua-cognitology», a new discipline developing
within the framework of the modern theory of translation that
tends to become a separate branch of cognitive linguistics
and occupies a certain position in the sphere of basic contemporary
approaches to linguistic studies. It also clarifies its
relation to cognitology and the theory of translation.

The article is devoted to peculiarities of the dots
as a stylistic means in American fiction on the example of
novels by D. Steel and their translations into Russian. The frequency
of this punctuation mark in novels written in different
years, its main stylistic functions and its role in the unfolding
of the structure of fictional text are analysed in the article. The
analysis is performed on the authors narrative as well as on
characters dialogues. The stylistic dots potential is considered
from the standpoint of the theory of literary translation.
The dominant translation strategies used in the recreation of
the analysed punctuation mark in Russian translations are
also examined.

The article presents comprehensive comparative
study of the lexical item friend in Russian and Arabic proverbs
in conceptual semantic and ethnic cultural aspects. The
article deals with the outlook of Russian and Arabic people,
observed in the proverbs, which reflects national and cultural
specific features of Arabic and Russian linguistic cultures. It
also highlights the identical features and differences of the
proverbs with the lexical item friend in these languages and
its correlation with the semantic field of friendship. The research
shows that the bases of the Russian and Arabic proverbs
may have common cultural components which indicates
similarity of human mind. The differences are discovered in
the stylistic and grammatical inconsistencies that occur in the
Russian and Arabic proverbs.

This article analyses the nominal groups «determinative
all- + attributive adjective / participle + substantive
» extracted from German fiction of the 18th - 19th centuries.
The result of the research shows that modern typical
monoflexional structuring of nominal group is the result of
dissonant process, because the flexion of attributive adjective
forming part of this group was variant for several centuries.
Consequently, the monoflexion integrates into the theory of
diachronic constants within the frame of which the cooperation
of nominal group is the diachronic constant and its
monoflexional structuring relates to inconstant features.

At present there is no common opinion of linguists
concerning the functions which are performed by
French slang. The author summarizes the experience of linguists
on this issue and identifies eight main functions that are
characteristic of slang: communicative, cognitive, nominative,
expressive, philosophical, esoteric, identification and timesaving
functions. Each function is discussed in detail and illustrated
with examples.