This article highlights the history of the formation
of the Russian verb form category in comparison with the
similar phenomenon in the ancient Indo-European and Semitic
languages. At the same time involved in the Sumerian
language data base terminology for the approval of fast and
fat verbs with the projection on perfect and imperfect form.
As the hypothesis assumes the existence of a substratum of
all verb forms, which in ancient Indo-European and Semitic
languages, was transformed first into verb names, and later
evolved into the conjugated forms.

This text deals with fictitious polyphony of fairy
tale fictional world as a means of reaching similarity between
real and fictional world. This similarity helps the text to carry
out one of its functions - to form readers social identity. Fictitious
intext is coined in accordance with the productive model
of text creation peculiar of a certain text type and contains
lexical and structural markers of fictitious nature. The article
deals with fictitious personal letter and fictitious official texts.

The article analyzes microsenses in the lexical
units lesser than meanings and connotations, but relevant
for the understanding of the whole text. The lexical elements
were studied on the material of the separated segments
of historical novel Jew Süss, written by German writer L.
Feuchtwanger, in which conveyance of ethnic colour in the
original discourse was complicated as the author belonged to
two lingual cultures. Usage of contrastive approach allowed
revealing micro senses in the similar outer form of semantic
elements.

The article is devoted to the issue of alternative
nomination which is an effective means of manipulative
impact in discourse of political comment. The outcome of
political confrontation is determined by the choice of nominations
in the process of struggle for power and electorate.
It is concluded that alternative nominations can be used to
characterize the object from various aspects, to focus on its
important features, to express its evaluative characteristics,
to discredit the opponent. Alternative nomination may serve
as a mechanism of distortion of true utterance to create a
distorted picture of world.

It is known that three main laws of linguistics,
that are paradigmatic relations, syntagmatic relations and
the law of hierarchical relations define properties of linguistic
units in language. The main object of this article is opening
the mechanism which operates the process where units of
phonemic level on the bases of syntagmatic laws are activated
within a framework of one point higher level. Each language
unit receives its activity at a level, which is one step
higher, than the previous one, and (proves) displays all the
functional properties. The very first displays of the inter-level
mutual relations are shown when units of the phonetic level
pass to a higher level, that is the morphemic level. Taking into
consideration the fact that the phoneme interacts with another
phoneme on the basis of syntagmatic rules on a horizontal
axis, it becomes clear that this mutual relation results in the
appearance of the morphemic element which is in its essence
an element from a one step higher level. Such qualities
are peculiar to all Turkic languages, including Uzbek. Until
present the exact quantity of linguistic levels has not been established.
. There are no generally accepted opinions on this
problem. Certainly, in world linguistics, and in Russian linguistics
in particular, huge work in studying hierarchical relations
problems has been done, while in turkology, and particularly
in the Uzbek language, not enough research on this topic has
been done. In this article, the author carries out research into
the hierarchical mutual relations between elements of phonemic
and morphemic units of language.

The article deals with the lexico-stylistic means
which are most frequently used by St. John de Crevecoeur in
his Letters from an American Farmer, one of the first works
of American literature where the life of northern colonies is
shown in detail. The article gives the analysis of the comparisons,
epithets, hyperboles, repetitions, and other stylistic
devices which help the author of Letters to achieve the special
expressiveness and show his attitude to the described
events.

In this article the author traces the influence of
verbal variance on the semantic classification of faula-pattern
verbs. The author analyses the way the homonymous
and synonymous verbs of this model function in the classical
and modern periods of Arabic literary language development.
He focuses on the verbal construction where the faula-pattern
verb does not indicate quality, occurring over time. He
describes the meanings of faula-pattern verbs, which were
used in Classical Arabic but have been abandoned in the
modern linguistic reality

The paper questions some important issues of
the theory of article, suggests a classification of nouns and
noun phrases occurring in the position of grammatical object.
While analyzing semantics of the English Indefinite Article semantic
types of predicates and nouns, and the nature of their
denotation are taken into account

The article analyzes the types of the lexis with
national-cultural specificity in Gabriel García Márquezs novel
«One hundred years of solitude» and its transfer to the English
and Russian languages. The concept of the national-cultural
specificity is clarified. Classification of the lexis with the
national-cultural specificity in the novel product is developed.
The degrees were considered in its cross-language transfer:
full, partial and zero. Division of the degrees into following
groups is made: the household lexis, the lexis of the natural
world, the lexis of a political system and public life, the onomastic
lexis. Comparison of lexis is in the original and translations
into the English and Russian languages.

The article deals with the specific ways of
translation of Arabic insertions. It is based at the material of
the novel by W. Irving Tales of the Alhambra. The article
tackles one of the most interesting problems in the field of
theoretical and practical literary translation. It deals with the
so called exotic units in the text and their interpretation in the
course of translation into French and Russian. Elements of
Arabic origin in the novel of W. Irving Tales of the Alhambra
were identified and classified in the research.

This article is dedicated to the problems of adequacy
which often has a compromising nature and equivalence
as the sameness of lexical units (words) and syntactical
relations between these units in translation from English into
Russian. The role of various stylistic devices for the formation
of heroes characters in fiction is considered. Humor and
irony are viewed as characteristic features of English fiction.
Special attention is given to the authors irony verbalized at
different levels in the novel Crome Yellow of A. Huxley and
to the difficulties of its translation into Russian.

The present paper deals with the notion of the
original text in application to various translations of the Holy
Writ. It is emphasized, that in many cases the source text of
a translations was not the original one. It could be caused by
both extralinguistic factors (e.g. the lack of translators with
sufficient knowledge of the source and/or target languages),
and by the intention of the creators of the versions Bible in different
languages. Special attention is paid to the occasions,
when the so-called second-hand translation was motivated
by the confessional considerations and by the desire of preserving
the existing tradition.

The article discusses challenges of indirect
translation of Chinese loans into Russian through English
as a lingua franca in intercultural communication. Given that
the role of China in global processes is increasing, the author
proposes to introduce intermediary translation of East Asian
words into training English translators.

The given article is dedicated to the notion of
non-standard language as an integral part to the national
language system. It analyses the classification of the nonstandard
language in English and Russian. The author is interested
in social and territorial aspects of the non-standard
language. On the example of the work «The Queen and I» by
Sue Townsend and V.M. Shukshins works the author considers
peculiarities of usage of non-standard vocabulary in the
texts. These units are analyzed on phonetic, morphological
and lexical levels.

The issue of application of lexical tools following
verb forms, notably application of adverbs with forms
imparfait / passé simple in the French Language, is reviewed
in the article. The analysis of compatibility of French verb
forms with certain adverbs, their equivalent translation are
presented, and the factors which influence the compatibility /
incompatibility of the lexical and grammar elements in French
and Russian are defined

Translation is an adaptation of a text to another
cultural environment, a new interpretation of the original and
the birth of new meanings in the translators estimation. The
problem of translation of intertext takes an important place
in the theory of translation. Based on the translations of the
Akunins detective novels into English and French, this article
touches upon the problems of interpretation of intertextual insertions.
It is shown that adaptation of stylistic intertextuality
is especially difficult as the author attempts to convey cultural
traditions of the19th century the equivalents of which can be
rarely found in the receiving culture.

The article deals with the problem of creating an
image of a politician and offers the criterion of emotionality /
rationality for differentiating the two types of images of a politician:
rational and emotional ones. The comparative analyses
of the main manipulation devices and language means used
in the public political speeches given by Barack H. Obama
and David W.D. Cameron shows that the image of the US
president can be referred to the emotional type, while the image
of the prime-minister of Great Britain can be referred to
the rational type.

This article presents an attempt of linguistic and
stylistic research of the translation of the short story by Luigi
Pirandello The Pitcher into the Russian language of. Comparative
analyses of the texts of translations by different translators
in various years is taken. The research allows revealing
and characterizing different tendencies in translation which
helped to form two systems of translations: the decorative,
which leads to decompression of the text, and the neutralizing
one, with the prevalence of the denotative aspect of the
information transmission. In conclusion insufficient adequacy
of both systems of translations is shown.

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of
modern press - the special role of metaphors of The results
of war in media in contemporary society. A characteristic
feature of the language of modern press is frequent use
of metaphors in the articles devoted to sports. Many special
nominations such as The Results of War are constantly activated
in literary usage.
These expressions (metaphors) influence on the opinions
of people in a certain way, which is achieved at the expense
of emotional judgments, expressive evaluation, usage of various
means of verbal expression. All this enables journalists to
write newspaper articles, in lively, bright, figurative language,
and such publications become more and more popular. The
figurative means of publicistic style attracts increasing scientific
interest.

This article deals with the abbreviation as a
productive process of word formation in medical terminology.
The relevance of this study is determined by the need to study
the problems of formation of the terminological system of
medicine. The main object of study was medical terminology
in French, namely, Section of Pharmacology. The material of
the study were the names of the randomized clinical studies
conducted by French pharmaceutical firms in Europe. The
author uses the methods of formative and linguistic analysis
of statistics for the study and classification of new terms.