The article deals with such problem as the fundamental
functions of language. The issue has not been solved
decidedly by now. It is not clear yet what functions should be
considered as the basic ones and how many of them there
are. So there was conducted a research which major goal
was to bring some light to the indicated problem. The method
applied to the issue being studied is the graph-semiotic simulation
method developed by the author. The main instrument
of the current research is the authors data-graphical model
of the linguistic sign. The author of the article represents the
model and indicates its characteristic features that provide
the opportunity to study semiotic and linguistic phenomena
on the basis of the model. In the article the graph-semiotic
analysis is conducted to study the problem. As a result a list
of the main functions of language is developed. The author of
the article believes that further and thorough investigation of
the problem can provides more data concerning the issue of
the functions of language.

The article is dedicated to the study of the notion
of linguistic economy, fundamental principle governing operation
of a linguistic system, and extrapolation of this trend in
the modern English language. A detailed review of approaches
to understanding of this notion is given in the paper along
with its correlation with the principle of minimum of efforts.
The author puts forward the hypothesis that there is a causal
connection between linguistic economy and monosyllabic nature
of the English language. The functioning of this principle
in the English language is considered in the article to be the
initial cause of the divergence between the British and the
American varieties of the language

The article is devoted to the analysis of communicative
strategy of Request in the English discourse. The
historically formed peculiarities of English-speaking communicants
attitude toward the ways of expressing request
are also distinguished in order to highlight their culturological
originality. The main focus is directed towards the lingual
expressions of request in different communicative situations.
Considerable emphasis is put on the means of softening indirect
request as part of the strategy of distancing. The empiric
material for our research is represented by authentic literature
of English-speaking countries of the 21-st century.

The paper deals with the peculiarities of means
of expressing modality in English multiple compound-complex
sentences. The author maintains that to treat the modality of
the utterance as real or unreal it is necessary to take into
consideration the illocutionary function of the utterance. The
authors investigate the process of modalization of the indicatives
in the Future tenses, their characteristics depending on
the type of the multiple compound-complex sentence and the
conditions of speech acts formation.

The article explores the emotional concept joy,
verbalized in the novel of F. Bacon «The New Atlantis». It
determines its cognitive and semantic contents, analyses its
cognitive structure peculiarities, conceptual features on the
basis of analysis of its constituents (subjects, objects and
causators). The article reveals specific features of the emotional
concept joy in the philosophical worldview of F. Bacon.

The article concerns the notion of rhythm and its
role in prose fiction. Rhythm is studied on the dectemic level,
i.e. on the level of minimal topical units. Rhythm was studied
by scientists on different hierarchic levels of the language
but it was not studied on the dectemic level. We consider the
main idea (theme, topic) comprised in each decteme as a
rhythmic unit. The material of our research is a novel written
by a modern British writer Michael Frayn. Having analyzed
the functioning of dectemes in the novel we came to conclusions
concerning the formation of compositional rhythm in
texts of fiction and its role in conveying additional information.
The relevance of the research is determined by the high
productivity of rhythm affecting the artistic expression of the
text. Moreover, it is essential to explore the role of rhythm in
communication in fictional texts and the rhythmical organization
of the internal form of the text.

The scholar offers a viewpoint on the problem of
tourism discourse nature as it combines features of advertising,
publicist and scientific discourses. The issue whether we
can regard them as the demonstration of discourse polyphony
or the implication of hybridization, is under close consideration.
In view of typological attribution of tourism discourse,
such particular features as creolization, stylistic creativity, linguistic
and cultural constituent are considered in the article.
The analysis given in the paper deals with speech tactics,
aimed at forming persistent associations between emotional
experience and definite locus: ceremonial descriptions, legend
reproduction, creation of dramatic stress, jokes on foreign
ethnology. The author has come to the conclusion, that
tourism discourse is regarded as the subspecies of advertising
discourse that includes not only similarities but specific
differences as well.

This article is intended to reflect the multiplicity
of meanings concerning the phenomenon of intersubjectivity;
to facilitate empirical research on intersubjectivity by means
of analysis of efficient methodologies and research branches;
and to anticipate potential opportunities for research in this
field. In this article various empirical attempts of studying
intersubjectivity and intersubjective relations between either
people or human perspectives are described in a way, fully
portraying the very essence of these concepts, their possible
use and connection with modern sciences, providing a
model for a modern scientist to follow in order to enlarge his
research with an experiment leading to a deeper realization
of intersubjective interaction processes both between point
of view of one concrete individual, different people or groups
of people.

The present article is devoted to structural
and semantic analysis of substantive models of multi-word
compounds. The author suggests a definition of multi-word
compounds. The article focuses on the structure of multiword
compounds as well as the nature of semantic relations
between the components of such words. The material under
study reveals the predominance of substantive stems that are
used in attributive functions in multi-word compounds for lack
of relative adjectives in modern English.

The article studies the infinitive in the position
of a non-nuclear predicative component of the sentence. The
author analyses the structure of sentences with the subjective
infinitive constructions, thus revealing syntactico - semantic
qualities of the infinitive. The analysis of the works of uzbek
and foreign linguists, who study syntactico-semantic signs of
the infinitive, forms the foundation of the research. The study
allowed to reveal and characterize the categorical and noncategorial
properties of the infinitive.

The article explores the lexico-semantic field
of the concept «crisis». The notions «field» and «concept»
are defined. With the help of a psycholinguistic method the
author formulates a generalized definition of the concept «crisis
». The semes of the definition under study are revealed
by means of the componential analysis. The structure of the
lexico-semantic field «crisis», its core and the periphery are
determined. The contextual analysis allowed to reveal block
diagrams of compatibility of the concept base nomination. Its
derivational usage of capacity is revealed. The experiment
showed that peripheral conceptual features of the concept
«crisis», as well as a stimulus word, receive unambiguously
negative assessment that testifies to the open way of information
presentation. The author gives examples of negative
loading levelling of the language unit «crisis». The article reveals
communicative conditions in which the concept crisis
aims to block or generate the release of information.

The phenomenon, which is designated by the
term testing is new in Didactics, but it is rapidly developing.
A great number of new terms appear; they nominate ideas
that constitute the notion test. The paper analyses degree
of equivalence of those units and offers methods of translating
them. Comparative analysis makes it possible to outline
distinct semantic properties of the terms of testing in English
and Russian.

This work aims to study grammatical transformations
of the English participle. The article provides a comparative
analysis of the participles and their translations in
English and American authors texts (Cup of Gold by John
Steinbeck, Master of the Game by Sidney Sheldon, Gone
with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell, The Sun also Rises by
Ernest Hemingway, Airport by Arthur Hailey, Power and the
Glory by Graham Greene etc.), which were not fixed in grammar
references before. This article also reveals the degree of
accuracy depending on the use of grammatical transformations
when translating participles.

This article is devoted to the study of lexical inventory
of the English language, which, like many other modern
languages, is in constant change. The author carries out
a detailed analysis of classification of sources of borrowing,
as well as the notion of native English words, and their layers.
The article focuses on the notion of exotic lexis, its role and
usage in modern English. Active formation of an international
lexical layer stimulates vocabulary growth of the modern English
language.

The article deals with specific ways of translating
positively connotated elevated speech in W. Thackerays
novel The Virginians. The article covers the main points of
adequate translation and literary translation stylistics. The
author does a comparative analysis of two Russian translations
- by S. Volskii (1936) and I. Gurova (1979) in order to
find the optimal way of transferring elevated linguistic units.
The author suggests the analysis of the identified linguistic
units of elevated speech and a classification of transference
methods.

In the article the emphasis is placed on analysis
of translations of Heines poem «Enfant perdu» by M.L.
Mikhailov and V.V. Levik. The choice of this poem is motivated
by the fact that it is the final poem of the cycle, Lazarus,
and one of the last poems written by H. Heine. The purpose
of the analysis is to find the most adequate translation option
of the original. The linguistic analysis is based on the fidelity
of semantic, graphic, sound, structural, and etc. content
of the original. The personality of the interpreter is of great
importance in translation. The analysis makes it possible to
conclude that the translation by V.V. Levik is more accurate
than the one by M.L. Mikhailov.

The present article deals with the problem of
retranslation of the Bible into English. The artcle focuses on
the versions created in the New English period. The author
analyses modern translations of the Bible that were made in
the XX- th century and that cater to special social and gender
groups of modern society. The author claims that such translations
are not altogether adequate since they mostly involve
editing and adaptation of earlier versions of the text.

The article explores the English word «personality
» for the purpose of revealing its properties of a corresponding
concept. For this purpose the author analyses etymology
of the word, its dictionary entries as well as means
of verbalization of the concept «personality». The analysis of
language material has shown that «personality» is a nomination
of the corresponding concept since it reflects categorial,
valuable and symbolic signs of the English language picture
of the world, and, by accepting new contextual meanings and
associations, expands the borders of the concept.

Functioning of the preposition außer in the
German and Russian languages is analyzed in the article.
The author of the article considers micromodels with the preposition
außer in accordance with its functions in a sentence.
The analysis of the material, (texts of the works of E.M. Remarque,
E. Kestner, P. Zuskind), allows to state that prepositions
are units of the language with their own lexical meaning,
they have their own paradigms and syntagmatics which allows
to define the regularity of realization of their meanings.

The paper deals with functional synonymity of
structurally different language units such as participle constructions
and subordinate clauses in German. The author
uses fundamental works of Russian and foreign linguists (A.V.
Bondarko, T.V. Gulyga, R.G. Galperin, E.I. Shendels, K. Buhler,
K.W. Jung, K. Boost etc.). The article explores the conditions
and possibilities of functional synonymity of the abovementioned
constructions. Besides, it analyses synonymity of
participle constructions and prepositional constructions in the
German language.

This article is devoted to the role of presupposition
in realization of pragmatic attitude in German news media
texts. In our opinion such a phenomenon as presupposition,
serves to organize the authors will, and therefore, the way
the sender uses it has a direct impact on the reader presenting
the views of the former as information that does not require
proof. The aims of this article were to define such phenomena
as pragmatic attitude and presupposition, to show
the urgency of presupposition in the press and to outline its
pragmatic function.

In this article we consider some peculiar features
of medical professional lexical system, which is a source of
metaphors in texts of modern German printed media. Having
designated such phenomena as professional lexical system,
term, metaphor and having analyzed a number of examples
from texts of German newspapers, we draw to the following
conclusion: medical terms used not in medical contexts gain
a marked metaphorical meaning retaining their terminological
features, but they often refer to ways of solving social, economic
and political problems.

The article deals with the diachronic study of
the pronominal form of French verbs, particularly of the neutral
(middle) meaning. From ancient times up until now the
reflexive pronoun se, emphasizing the internal activity of the
grammatical subject, at one moment is used with the intransitive
verb, at another its usage is optional and changes the
meaning of the latter, or in some cases this pronoun isnt used
any more. The author makes a conclusion that the formation
of pronominal form of subject intransitive verbs from transitive
verbs in non- pronominal form remains a productive process.

This article examines the principles of operation
of images and archetypes in the modern serial narrative.
Speaking of archetypes, we use the definition of this concept,
the data of C.G. Jung, as well as examples of modeling situations
and archetypal plot motifs, as described in the works
of scientists and folklorists (V.Y. Propp and E.M. Meletinsky).
The object of the study was selected series Liquidation,
successfully broadcast on domestic television in 2007. Trials
method can be considered a comprehensive approach to
studying the effects of culture and art, based on a semiotic
methodology apparatus, and the traditional hermeneutical
models. The novelty of this approach is preemptive dominance
of interdisciplinarity, which allows a broader view of the
phenomenon as a series of cultural events and include it in
the broader socio-historical context.

The article reveals the origins of Russian animalistic
art of the 18th century, the beginning of which was
the so-called kunstkamernyj picture, which was a result of
the interest in discovering the natural world of the era. The
so far little investigated area - Zoological picture - is analysed
in terms of art and history. The author makes a conclusion
that kunstkamernyj animalistic figure contributed to forming
animalistic image with its peculiarities.