Aim. To analyse the existing criteria of translation quality of fiction literature as up to now there are no standard systems of translated text analysis that let us evaluate its quality. Special attention is paid to the shift of “adequate / equivalent” criteria to those that the anthropocentric paradigm introduced into the modern language studies, for example, gender perception of the translated text.
Methodology. To conduct the present research the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, descriptive method, methods of contextual and comparative-translational analysis, component analysis method, and semantic interpretation. The research is based on the idea that it is necessary to develop and implement the system of precise criteria of the translated texts quality evaluation which will allow to avoid misunderstanding, ambiguity, discrepancy that are often present in the translated texts.
Results. The translation quality implies not only a high command of the language and culture of another country, but also the translator’s ability to create the most accurate and close in meaning, as well as lexically commensurate meaning of the source text. Differences in translations are also explained by extralinguistic factors and the translators’ belonging to different eras which has a significant impact on the text of the translation.
Research implications. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the fact that it contributes to the development of the theory of equivalence and adequacy of the source text and the translation text. The authors believe that it is necessary to study in detail the correspondence of the source and translated texts not only from the viewpoint of adequacy and equivalence, but also the linguistic design of the literary text from the standpoint of translation strategies and gender linguistics

Aim. To analyse the sociolinguistic characteristics of the Manx language in the 21st century and reveal the factors ensuring the success of its revitalization.
Methodology. The article focuses on the revitalization practices leading to the revival of the Manx language in the 21st century and includes an overview of its functions and domains of use, a characteristic of its sociodemographic potential and a description of the language policy carried out on the island. The article is based on the method of sociolinguistic reinterpretation of sociological and statistic data.
Results. The article demonstrates that the progress in the revitalization of the Manx language can be attributed, to a great extent, to a high level of motivation of the islanders, for whom the language has become a marker of in-group solidarity and a symbol of the island identity.
Research implications. Based on the concept of island identity, the research brings out the role of subjective factors in the revitalization of minority languages, which makes a contribution into the theory of ethnolinguistic vitality. The research results can be used in courses of sociolinguistics and taken into consideration in language planning practice.

Aim. To determine the linguistic status of a precedent metaphor and to identify the peculiarities of its translation into Russian in Spanish-language newspaper and journalistic texts. Cognitive aspect implies the study of metaphor as an epistemological category, an integral part of cognition of the world and its transformation.
Methodology. The paper applies a comprehensive methodology within the framework of Comparative Linguistics. The precedent metaphor as a correlate of intertext is studied in terms of it being influenced by socially and politically determined factors. To characterize metaphor as a mental operation of cognition and categorization of the world, semantic analysis is used, taking into account the contextual environment; an analytical review of the problem of intertextuality, precedence and metaphor is performed to establish the relationship between the concepts of precedence/intertextuality and metaphor/precedent metaphor; pragmatic function of the precedent metaphor and peculiarities of its Russian translation were revealed on the material of the El País newspaper texts for 2021 and phraseological expressions based on “batalla” in metaphorical meaning.
Results. The linguistic status of a precedent metaphor is clarified. It is considered as a correlate of the intertext and is defined as an intertext. Realizing the cognitive function of semantic interaction, it preserves its stylistic potential. The Spanish-Russian translation of the precedent metaphor, taking into account its cognitive "interactive" essence, implies the transfer of content to another language at an underlying, semantic level.
Research implications. The syncretic approach to the definition of the precedent metaphor as an intertexteme with a dual cognitive and stylistic function creating a cumulative effect is of scientific interest for the theory of language; the description of the precedent metaphor functioning in the publicist literature and the identification of its interlingual transmission features represent theoretical and practical significance. The results obtained and the factual material can be used in teaching the practical course and stylistics of the Spanish language, translation theory and practice, text linguistics, cultural studies at different levels of education, as well as in writing academic papers and thesis

Aim. To identify the parameters of the system analysis of institutional discourse for the formation of scientific research tools.
Methodology. The integrative-discursive method of speech activity analysis was applied in the work.
Results. In the process of the research, the author must constantly monitor the correspondence of the essential component of the concepts of his analysis to the conclusions to which he comes, since the concepts are in a state of evolution rather than stagnation; and can enter into synonymous relations with other concepts, to be modified.
Research implications. The theoretical significance lies in the author’s choice of the conceptual and categorical apparatus essential for the system analysis of any kind of institutional discourse. The results of the analysis can be applied in courses on general linguistics, text theory, discourse theory, fundamentals of language theory in higher educational institutions.

Aim. To identify stylistic techniques in the description of gender stereotypes in detective novels by female authors based on the material of German and Russian.
Methodology. The analysis of gender-oriented statements in German and Russian detective novels is carried out using the method of content analysis, comparative analysis and the method of linguistic analysis from the viewpoint of the statements participation in gender stereotypes.
Results. The paper proves that female authors use such stylistic techniques to create gender stereotypes as comparison, detailed description of color, metaphors and emotionally colored words, thus becoming a source of the linguistic worldview of representatives of German and Russian linguistic cultures. 
Research implications. The results of the study are highly useful in the interpretation of texts, which is significant both for comparative linguistics and for learning a foreign language.

Aim. To formulate and describe the elements and impact levels on recipients within the framework of the linguistic model of information war from the point of view of the cognitive-discursive approach.
Methodology. The main content of the article is the generalization of the research theoretical experience. Linguo-pragmatic analysis, critical discourse analysis, linguo-cognitive analysis are used as the methods of practical research.
Results. As a result of the analysis, a multi-level model of information war is proposed, which is divided into strategic, operational, tactical and instrumental levels. The information impact on the conceptual picture of the world is characterized as a set of language techniques, methods, discursive tactics and strategies to achieve the goal of changing the conceptual picture of the world.
Research implications. The theoretical and/or practical significance is determined by the contribution to the systemic description of information warfare as a cognitive-discursive phenomenon, the development of a level approach to its study, the development of a methodology for studying cognitive impact within the framework of information war.

Aim. To develop the terminological system of military metaphor typology. The analysis subject is metaphorical associations as the cognitive basis for the indirect naming within the industry material. The object is the metaphors used in the nomination of military equipment units.
Methodology. The material was obtained from the “Modern Weapons and Military Equipment Encyclopedia” and is presented by 50 metaphorical units in English and Russian. The methodology combines general scientific methods (directed sampling, empirical material observation, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, classification, quantitative analysis, graphical data interpretation, generalization and abstraction) and linguistic methods (cognitive modeling, semantic and descriptive analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions).
Results. The general language units that produce new names are revealed, and the relationship between the standards and derived military nomination units are represented. The main ontological features of the derived military nominations are determined, which forms the author's typology basis. The developed semantic typology of the metaphors in the military sphere is presented in the taxonomy which contains 4 hierarchy levels and 17 subgroups.
Research implications. The analysis of metaphorical and cognitive aspects of the military terminological system enables certain optimization of translation studies and lexicographic practice.

Aim. To consider some aspects of linguistic and extralinguistic nature related to the processes of preservation / loss of linguistic / cultural identity in a foreign language / foreign cultural environment.
Methodology. The methods of sociolinguistic analysis of factual material based on sources of various nature (official documents related to the language policy of certain states, scientific papers covering this issue, historical evidence, etc.) are used.
Results. The factors influencing the processes of preserving / loss of the ethnic and linguistic identity are identified and studied: recognition / denial of its existence by state bodies, consideration of an ethnic community as “indigenous” or “alien”, qualification of an idiom as “language” or “dialect”, religious component of linguistic and cultural identity.
Research implications. The factual material presented in the article and the results obtained on the basis of its analysis can be used in studying the peculiarities of the language situation in various regions, as well as in teaching courses of sociolinguistics and ethnopsycholinguistics in higher educational institutions.

Aim. To reveal the specifics of communicative interaction in public academic discourse.
Methodology. The article examines the manifestation of Other in modern public academic discourse speech. The methodology of the research is based on the idea of the dialogical nature of communication and academic performance. The study relies on discourse analysis.
Results. In the course of the study, the means that introduce the figure of both the explicit and the implicit Other were identified. The conclusion was made about the ubiquitous presence of this figure in academic discourse. The presence of Other in discourse challenges the monologic nature of utterance as the speaker involves Other’s words for a specific reason, which is to confirm, refute or supplement the argument.
Research implications. The results of the study contribute to the analysis of the specifics of dialogical interaction in academic discourse, new research material is introduced into scientific circulation – previously unexplored public lectures of Russian linguists in 2015-2020: V. I. Karasik’s “Bilingualism as a linguocultural value”, A. V. Kirillina’s “Language and gender (gender linguistics)”; V. A. Plungyan’s “The Russian language in the modern world”; A. A. Kibrik’s “Language in a broad perspective”.

Aim. To analyze the Internet memes as a powerful means of mass consciousness manipulation and as a way to discredit politician’s image.
Methodology. Content and descriptive analyses served as the leading research methods. The analysis of the content side of Internet memes, selected by the method of continuous sampling, was carried out.
Results. The high pragmatic potential of an Internet meme on the sphere of the unconscious has been proved due to its figurativeness, the presence of a visual effect, and thoughtful linguistic content. It has been established that the meme imposes a certain vision of a political leader (often negative) and, due to its viral nature, contributes to the rapid spread of a discrediting effect.
Research implication. The study reveals the manipulative potential of modern media tools and their influence on political communication. The results of the present study can be used in special courses and seminars on pragmatic and political linguistics, as well as media literacy. These courses are necessary for students, because it is young people who become victims of Internet propaganda.

Aim. To define the concept of pragmatic adaptation of translation, to consider its types and to analyse pragmatic adaptation of translation to achieve equivalence on the example of the translation of the novel “A Dream of Red Mansions”.
Methodology. The authors examine the definitions of “translation adaptation” and “pragmatic adaptation of translation”. Furthermore, the authors describe the pragmatic adaptation of translation to achieve equivalence in the translation of the novel “A Dream of Red Mansions”. The main methods used in the study are the descriptive method and the inductive method.
Results. In the research, pragmatic adaptation of translation is defined as a type of translation adaptation, which transforms or rewrites at the pragmatic level of the source text in translation to fit the linguistic and cultural situation in the target language. It is shown that V. A. Panasyuk uses five methods of pragmatic adaptation of translation to achieve equivalence, which are addition, annotation, omission, abstraction and specification. It is concluded that the pragmatic adaptation of translation can provide an adequate understanding and convey the emotional impact of the source text.
Research implications. The study extends the definition of translation pragmatic adaptation and enriches the content of translation adaptation. In addition, the results of this study will continue to promote Chinese literature to the world.

Aim. To describe loner characters as a specific group of literary characters, whose specificity is manifested in their special state of mind.
Methodology. In the course of the study of loner characters, the author reveals the contexts of their statements, identifies and analyzes the linguistic means active in the discourse of a special sensory state. Based on the typology of loneliness subjects in a literary text, their ability to show their speech behavior is also considered in a linguo-comparative aspect.
Results. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion is made about discursive intentionality and limited communication necessity of loner characters.
Research implications. The theoretical significance is confine to the pragmalinguistic substantiation of the communication scheme violations by loners. The paper is relevant for discourse studies as applied to literary texts.

Aim. To study the verbal signs functioning in multicodal and multimodal texts, as a means constructing collective systems of stereotypes concerning migration and migrants.
Methodology. The current paper studies multicodal and multimodal texts of the genres that combine visual and verbal elements – they are caricatures, promotional videos, and feature films. The analysis is based on the systematic approach to cultural concepts as mental units that are expressed in languages by words and set word-combinations and are supplemented by the signs belonging to other semiotic systems. These units represent culture in human conscience and psychology.
Results. The research shows that cultural concepts are dynamic phenomena. Verbal units, being their key elements, participate in their generation and transformation, besides, the role of discourse in cultural concept formation is revealed. The analysis proves that the impact of cultural concepts on an addressee depends varies depending on the text genre, the author’s intentions, and the used means of expression.
Research implications. The article analyzes the role of verbal components in the formation of culturally and socially important concepts “against the background” of the multicodal and multimodal nature of modern communication. The conclusions of the research can be applied in research methodology and courses on intercultural communication.

Aim. To describe the general and distinctive functions of discourse markers derived from imperative constructions komm, guck mal, weißt du, warte and sag mal.
Methodology. 100 examples from the corpus of colloquial speech (Datenbank für gesprochenes Deutsch) were selected and analyzed using the method of contextual analysis as well as descriptive and comparative methods.
Results. The study revealed general and specific properties of the analyzed discourse markers. A common feature for them is their structuring role. The following was attributed to the private properties: the need to change the conversation topic, a signal to the interlocutor about the importance of making an explanation, an indication of the expediency of continuing the topic, a signal about the significance of subsequent information. The discourse markers were presented as pragmaticized elements.
Research implications. The theoretical significance lies in the disclosure of the functions of discourse markers formed from imperative constructions.

Aim. To analyze the lexical characteristics of “Memoirs about the Last Carlist War” by the Catalan writer Marian Vayreda.
Methodology. The method of contextual lexical and semantic analysis was used in the work. Dialectisms, lexical interferences from Spanish, and sociolectisms are studied in the article. The meaning and area of the analyzed lexical units were specified according to the “Large Dictionary of the Catalan language” and the “Catalan-Valencian-Balearic Dialect Dictionary”.
Results. The analyzed text contains lexemes, the use of which is characteristic for the author's native North Catalan subdialect. In addition, the book contains lexical units that are absent in North Catalan, but can be found in other diatopic language varieties. The dialectisms used by the author function as stylistic devices. The article analyzes the lexical interferences from Spanish present in the text, which are divided into italicized foreign language inclusions and Spanish interferences in Catalan. The Spanish language is used by M. Vayreda to create a verbal portrait of negative characters, as well as to characterize certain concepts that the author considers alien to Catalonia and its culture. The lexical units related to the sociolect of the Catalan Carlists are considered. Some features of the political discourse of the Carlists are noted.
Research implications. The study is a continuation of a number of publications dedicated to M. Vayreda's books and the first study that comprehensively analyzes the lexical features of “Memoirs of the Last Carlist War”. The article can serve as a starting point for further research on the history of the Catalan language and on the language of Spanish Carlism.