Aim. To establish the correlation between the correct translation of free indirect speech and the adequacy of the target literary text.

Methodology. The main methods include the comparative analysis of the source text and the target text, and the quantitative analysis of free indirect speech patterns. Data for this study have been collected from Russian, British and American 20th-century novels, and their translations into English and Russian respectively.

Results. The findings suggest that there is a correlation between the correct translation of free indirect speech and the adequacy of the target literary text. The study shows that using incorrect free indirect speech patterns in translation or no free indirect speech at all where it should be makes the target text either less expressive or less ambiguous due to the lack of textual interference, which can lead to both stylistic standardization and misinterpretation of the target text.

Research implications. The results can be applied both by fiction translators and students learning to detect free indirect speech in literary texts and translate it correctly.

Aim. To analyze the problem of the relationship between the concepts of stereotype and prototype used in the study of the process of categorization the objects in the world around by a person.

Methodology. In the course of work, the component and comparative methods of linguistic analysis were used, as well as the key method of scientific cognition – interpretative, involving observation, comparison and generalization, serving to identify social-cultural, everyday, political and other national characteristics, under the influence of which certain stereotypes and prototypes are formed. In the course of the study, the authors also used the method of axiological analysis (the method of ethnosemiometry) to derive significant meanings of the text and determine in its entirety some idea of filling its content with the value attitude of the author. The research procedure was as follows: the theoretical basis of the studied issues was analyzed and some examples of prototypes from the daily lives of people of different nations and stereotypes from the texts of the German media were selected for component and comparative analysis.

Results. The study determined that stereotype and prototype refer to different types of human experience, although they have much in common and serve the principles of its categorization. Examples of foreign language prototypes and stereotypes are analyzed, indicating their significant difference in a person’s perception of images of the world around.

Research implications. The study makes a certain contribution to the scientific problems of categorization and conceptualization of human experience. Recording information in linguistic forms, in our case – in stereotypes and prototypes, is one of the main issues of cognitive linguistics, therefore this study is significant for the science. The article may be useful for researchers, linguist students, a wide range of readers.

Aim. To identify the psycholinguistic features of interference observed in the speech under the usage of some Spanish nouns which differ in Gender from the corresponding Russian nouns.

Methodology. The paper presents the research of the usage of some Spanish nouns of Greek and Latin origin on the material of the oral speech with the help of such methods as Continuous sampling and Quantitative analysis.

Results. On the basis of the results of the study such interference mistakes observed under the usage of these nouns as incorrect forms of the article and related words were revealed.

Research implications. The research results confirm the Hypothesis of the Native Linguistic Worldview influence on the foreign language as well as contribute to Psycholinguistics and Comparative linguistics. The data revealed can be applied in the process of bilingual (Russian-Spanish) dictionaries and grammar textbooks compiling.

Aim. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of affixal and prefixal derivatives of terms in international humanitarian law in English and Russian languages, including not only core terms of international humanitarian law but also general terms, commonly used words in the national language, and function words.

Methodology. The research we conducted employed a multifaceted methodology to analyze affixal and prefixal derivatives in the terminology of international humanitarian law, in both English and Russian languages. Synchronous analysis method systematically organizes the vocabulary and establishes systemic relationships. Comparative-contrastive analysis method reveals the specifics of multilingual terms and forms the basis of language for special purposes in the field of international humanitarian law. Cognitive[1]conceptual analysis method determines and justifies the features of cognitive professional activity. The study also includes a comparative approach, which analyzes concepts of international humanitarian law in English and Russian based on the translation of legal documents. The goal is to establish the degree of equivalence and discrepancies in the definitive features of concepts in this legal field.

Results. The analysis of the terminology in this legal sphere showed that several derivatives can be formed from the same root morpheme, collectively referred to in linguistics as a derivational nest. This is understood as a "complex unit of the derivational system, representing an ordered set of all derivatives with the same root, linked by relationships of immediate or mediated derivativeness to one non-derived (basic) word, which is called the apex of this nest". The analysis revealed that terms derived from the same base, thanks to suffixes determining meaning, can denote processes, results of processes, and agents: peacemaking – peacemakers, diplomacy – diplomat, and so forth. The study of Russian prefixal derivatives allowed us to identify a multitude of terms with antonymous prefixes in their morphemic structure, which can be expressed by the following prefixes: anti-; de-; dis-; un-. According to the research findings, most affixal terms in international humanitarian law involve both prefixes and suffixes. Suffixes, essentially, represent a common means of terminological formation, which, in turn, reflects the complexity of terminology.

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that our analysis of affixal and prefixal derivatives of English and Russian terms in international humanitarian law opens up prospects for further development of terminological studies, language theory for specific purposes, lexicography, terminography, theory of intercultural communication, and translation theory. The research materials can be applied in compiling terminological dictionaries and in work on the systematization, unification, and standardization of terms in international humanitarian law. The collected material and the results of the comparative study can also be used in university courses in linguistics, history of linguistics and history of the English language, general and specific lexicology, terminology, theory of translation in the legal field.

Aim. The aim of the article is to get an initial insight into how Croatian university teachers perceive their students’ e-mails in terms of politeness.

Methodology. The given study incorporates a small-scale qualitative and quantitative analysis of data collected via a meticulously designed questionnaire, administered to a group of Croatian university teachers focused on their perception of their students’ emails.

Results. The study found that although Croatian teachers express general satisfaction with students' etiquette, they note problems that indicate insufficient development of students' communicative competence. This is due to students' lack of knowledge of politeness strategies and their lack of awareness of social distance and power distance. Thus, the author emphasizes the need for teaching electronic etiquette in the Croatian higher education system and proposes to introduce a special course on electronic communication etiquette into educational programs.

Research implications. Although the study is based on a rather limited amount of material, it provides an initial understanding of the problems that arise in the e-mail correspondence of students and teachers at Croatian universities and motivates for further research, justifying the introduction of comprehensive education in the field of netiquette at the university level. The importance of understanding the meaning of polite communication and mastering politeness strategies for the development of socio-cultural communicative competence, especially in the academic context, is emphasized, as well as the need for further research into the texts of Croatian students' e-mails in order to identify problems and formulate appropriate recommendations for their solution.

Aim. To substantiate the need to apply a speech development approach to identify the most successful translation tools for the intercultural transmission of a literary text.

Methodology. The issues of intercultural transmission are considered on the basis of vertical and horizontal approaches to the component analysis of markers of children’s expressive speech at various levels of language. Based on the method of comparative analysis, the main translation difficulties that can lead to further unjustified interpretation of a work of art are highlighted.

Results. The prospects fro applying an interdisciplinary approach to solving translation problems are revealed, which makes it possible to more accurately and fully express the specifics of children’s speech in the translation language. The use of a horizontal approach contributes to the transfer of the image of the child character closer to the author’s intention.

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the work is in a certain contribution to the interdisciplinary nature of the translation paradigm at the junction with ontolinguistics in the perspective of the proposed methodology for studying the translation of children's speech.

Aim. The article deals with the problem of unconscious (automatic) use in the process of communication in media discourse of words and constructions whose meaning has changed over time. The aim of the study is to identify the supposed semantic shifts, the task is to find out the reasons for the identified shifts and interpret the processes of their appearance.

Methodology. To solve the problem, we used corpus analysis methods to form a sample and subsequent contextual, semantic and etymological analysis, as well as quantitative methods to identify the frequency of occurrence in the sample of the identified shifts with the ipm indicator.

Results. The main results and main conclusions include the fixation of shifts in the communicative norm due to the non-distinction of the semantics of a word or a construction, which subsequently lead to the consolidation of the usual shift and further cause the non-distinction of their normative and erroneous use.

Research implications. Theoretical significance consists in the development of the theory of semantic shifts in the Russian language, consideration of the law of semantic polarisation or enantiosemia resulting from the active use of these constructions in the language of media discourse. The practical significance involves using the results to distinguish the situation of semantic shift in order to avoid its transition into the category of norm.

Aim. To characterize the system of language verbalization of smell as a means of objectification of the olfactory code of Russian culture.

Methodology. The combination of cognitive and linguistic-cultural approaches to the work involves studying the relationship between language and consciousness, language and culture, which is achieved by a number of methods. Etymological analysis reveals the original meaning of the lexical units being studied; the method of dictionary entries analysis and the method of their generalization show the main features of meanings. Contextual analysis and compatibility analysis complement the semantic structure of the lexical units verbalizing smell, and statistical analysis shows the frequency of their usage and the digital relationship between them. Using the method of linguistic-cognitive modeling, the obtained data is structured and the system of linguistic verbalization of smell in Russian linguistic culture is described.

Results. The analysis of nouns of the lexical-semantic group “smell” made it possible to reveal the inner form of words and its influence on the signs that are actualized in modern Russian. The obtained data made it possible to characterize the paradigmatic relations between the lexical units that make up the group, as well as to present them in the form of a model.

Research implications. The theoretical and practical significance of the article is determined by the necessity to develop a model for the analysis of perceptual vocabulary. A systematic presentation of a fragment of the olfactory cultural code can be used in the practice of lexicographic description of vocabulary. The presented model can be applied to characterize other modes of perception.

Aim. To analyse the verbal-semantic aspect of the linguistic personality of the German writer and publicist Uwe Breitenborn as a representative of a professional group of authors of an intellectual analytical website.

Methodology. The main research method is the modeling of a speech portrait. Functional-stylistic analysis identified specific features that determine the linguistic and speech originality of U. Breitenborn’s individual style and form the basis of the verbal-semantic component of his linguistic personality. Using elements of pragmatic analysis, the potential impact of the identified linguistic means on the target audience is described. To clarify the usual and actual meanings of linguistic units, methods of structural-semantic analysis and the method of contextual analysis were used. The frequency of linguistic elements in the text was determined by the quantification method.

Results. The most common markers of the virtual linguistic personality of the author of an intellectual site were identified, which stand out both for their qualitative specificity and frequency of use: syntactic-stylistic structures, lexical units, tropes. Conclusions were drawn about the nature of the pragmatic impact of the identified means on the target audience.

Research implications. The analysis of the individual linguistic and speech characteristics of the linguistic personality of the German writer Uwe Breitenborn contributes to the development of linguistic personology and opens up new prospects of modeling a generalized speech portrait of the author of critical and analytical articles posted on websites with socially relevant topics.

Aim. To describe and analyse the linguistic and cultural characteristics of private publications in Nigerian newspapers.

Methodology. To solve the tasks at hand, a variety of scientific methods have been used, both general and special. The methods of systematic and cluster sampling were used for the purposes of language data accumulation. The need for description and analysis of lexical and grammatical peculiarities resulted in the use of formal grammatical method, the analysis of dictionary definitions, component analysis and comparative analysis. Methods of generalisation of language evidence and of statistical records were also used. The research deals with a body of printed, non-journalist publication texts in the printed newspapers of Nigeria, such as the Vanguard, Leadership, This Day.

Results. The article uncovers the linguistic and cultural particularities of private publications in Nigerian newspapers. It gives a description of linguistic, social and cultural characteristics of three types of the most widespread private publications in the region. Social and cultural dominants reflected in the publications are highlighted. The article provides an analysis of lexical and grammatical defining characteristics in private publications. It draws the conclusion of a prominent influence of oral speech on the publications in CLASSIFIEDS section. The author clarifies the phenomena of structural deviations in the Nigerian variation of English.

Research implications. The conducted research seems useful and interesting for philologists, sociolinguists and specialists working with territorial varieties of the English language in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa.