The article deals with the linguistic and cultural aspects of the concept in question. Special emphasis is made on the importance of diachronic and synchronic approach to the issue under consideration. Otherwise stated, the article is concerned with some features of the formation and evolution of the concept of the Frontier in American English, the modern state of affairs in so far as the Frontier is concerned, as well as the significance of its awareness in understanding the conceptual and linguistic worldview of the Americans. Turning to authoritative dictionaries and reference books, the author gives a concrete definition of the word “Frontier” in American English, as well as the interpretation of the term “concept” used in the article. Numerous examples illustrate the influence of the above-mentioned concept on the vocabulary of the American variant of English. Several lexical strata which have appeared as a result of the westward movement of the settlers are adduced, namely: words denoting various representatives of flora and fauna; borrowings from American Indian languages; words and word-combinations which have become phraseological units, but which had a concrete material meaning in the 19th century. Besides, a new comprehension of the analyzed concept in the second half of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century is given.

The present paper deals with some aspects of the relation between the logical approach to language facts and their comparative-historical study in the history of linguistics. The main method of the research is the analysis and the comparison of the sources (first of all, the works of the representatives of different trends in language study) as well as their interpretation in linguistic historiography. The authors postulate, that in many cases the relation between the said approaches was ambivalent enough and complicated by the psychological component. This factor demands the further investigation.

The paper focuses on key theories on grammatical approach to code-switching (CS) and offers a comprehensive description of CS grammatical aspects, including universal grammatical constraints on intrasentential CS. The author highlights strong and weak points of the Minimalist program applied to CS and illustrates the process of derivation (structuring a sentence) in bilingual speech according to this theory. The article also presents Matrix Language Frame model and its key principles and criteria. Based on relevant research in the field of CS, the paper provides two types of approaches to the grammar of CS.

The paper deals with a linguistic analysis of evaluative worldview including values, norms and customs described as a hierarchy of cognitive formats and behavioral dispositions in typical communicative situations. Norms reflect the system of axiogenic situations (axiologically relevant reality), they are fixed in the meaning of sentences, phrases and words. The two-dimensional model of behavioral norms discussed in the article includes values as sets of supermoral, moral, utilitarian and subutilitarian orientations, on the one hand, and universal, civilizational, ethnic, macro- and microgroup behavioral priorities, on the other hand. Types of norms are analyzed on the material of Russian and English proverbs and nouns with a pejorative meaning.

The article considers the factualization of reality as a cognitive system that implements the adaptation of subjective reality to a changing objective reality. The relevance of the work is conditioned by the increased information impact on human consciousness. The purpose of the research was to substantiate the philological understanding of the factualization. So, its philosophical concepts have been analyzed. A narrow interpretation of the phenomenon as a mechanism of cognitive activity has been proposed. The presence of signs of a cognitive system has formed the basis of its broad understanding.

In Russian linguistics precedence is regarded to be one of the means of reflecting and transferring national cultural information. This paper studies the precedence-based process of verbalizing images. The linguistic and cultural object of the study is the name of the world-famous animation character - “Mickey Mouse”. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how the character aquired a symbolic meaning in the English culture and how its name turned into a polysemantic language unit in different discourses. The study has been backed by the information from dictionary sources and modern publicistic writings and practically may be of interest to those who study culture, linguistics and history of animated cartoons. This research allows for the conclusion that as a polysemnantic language unit Mickey Mouse is a verbalized visual piece of artwork with lots of encoded connotations in it.

The object of the present article is the study of the process of idiomatisation within the structural aspect. German verbal-nominal collocations, whose components can be substituted for synonyms, were chosen as the object of the research. The analysis of some collocations contained in the dictionary of synonyms Duden 8, has been performed. The dictionary data has been tested on corpora material, that allowes to see the diachronic variation of collocations. As the result, possible ways of the development of a phrase and the inverse dependence of a phrase variation on its idiomaticity have been identified. The theoretical significance of the paper lies in the fact that the phraseology in diachrony is analysed using corpora-based analysis and field approach. This article is meant for specialists in phraseology and idiomatic variation in German.

The article focuses on the sociolinguistic analysis of the words of the year in German-speaking countries. The history of the project “Word of the Year” („Wort des Jahres“) and linguistic approaches to the study of this lexical category are described. The thematic, structural, functional and sociolinguistic characteristics of various categories of the words of the year are given in the light of the pluricentricity of the German language. The study of lexemes has shown that they have common and specific features in the viewpoint of the diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic variation of the German language. The structural analysis of these words demonstrates modern word-formation trends, and helps understand the socio-cultural factors of the dominance of a particular word-formation type.

This article is devoted to the controversial theoretical issue related to the secondary members of the sentence, namely correlation between the indirect object and the adverbial modifier. The study focused on the collocations with prepositions avec/con taken from modern novels of French and Spanish authors. This paper presents an overview of foreign and Russian works on this issue. The study is based on criteria proposed by N. M. Vasilieva, which allow differentiating indirect object from adverbials.

The article is devoted to identification, systematization and analysis of everyday realia in science fiction and peculiarities of their translation from Russian into English. The material for the research is the text of the famous story “The Roadside Picnic” by A. and B. Strugatsky (1972) and its translation into English by Antonina W. Bouis (1977). It is for the first time that an attempt was made to reveal the linguistic and stylistic features of the translation of science fiction. The conducted research showed that everyday realities of the story help the authors to create the inner world of the characters and the atmoshere of the story. Using various methods of translation, the translator conveys with a rather high level of accuracy peculiarities of relationship of the characters and the author's style for the English-speaking audience.

The article focuses on the issues related to the functioning of lexical units that reflect the life of the peoples of the East in the works of English-speaking authors. For the study the realia of historical India, (now represented by states of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), conventionally united under the name of "Eastern realities" were chosen. The research methodology is based on the identification of these lexemes in the original texts and comparison of the methods of their representation in translations used by Russian translators. There are cases of variation of the latter, caused by their relative importance in the context - from transcription/transliteration (the degree of appropriateness of which may be different without a corresponding comment) to omission. The results of the research have practical value since they can be used in special courses on intercultural communication, linguistic studies, artistic translation. The theoretical significance is the possibility of using the presented method of assessing the translation adequacy for studies in other languages and in the theory of general translation.

The paper describes the role and functions of the BBB Korea, the world’s only non-governmental organization providing volunteer interpreting service to overcome language barriers at visiting Korea Republic. The author offers the review of the organization history from the moment of its foundation, analyzes the reasons for forming the organization, its purposes and goals. The statistics of references to the organization is summarized, which gives a comprehensive overview of the real work of interpreters-volunteers, as well as demand for their work during significant sports actions, national holidays and other events. Classification of typical questions to the interpreters-volunteers is presented, institutions to which inquiries are directed are analyzed. The article also deals with the concept of “digilog”, combining digital devices, smartphone, in particular, with corresponding volunteer activity. A general overview of BBB activity is also presented. The activity goes beyond interpretation: BBB hosts International Friends Day which brings together local Koreans and foreigners. It is also running Korean language schools in four countries in Southeast Asia, in an effort to facilitate cultural exchange and promote Korean culture.

The purpose of this article is to study the cognitive layer of semantics and the cognitive level of inner form of proverbs with component 'fish' in the Russian, English, and German languages from the standpoint of comparative linguistics. The realization of this goal predetermined the objectives of the study: the provision of a rationale for the application of linguo-cognitive and cross-cultural analysis to the study of proverbs; selection and description of cognitive layers of semantics and inner form of Russian, English, and German proverbs with component fish. The issue of studying proverbs in terms of correlation of the language and culture is not new both in Russian and foreign philology. However, it still remains inadequately researched as far as contrastive-comparative linguistics is concerned. The descriptive and analytical methods of research allowed us to identify a common cognitive model of the proverbs under the analysis, which is important in teaching lexicology, cross-cultural studies and comparative study of the languages.

The article presents the analyses of linguistic views of F. F. Fortunatov in the aspect of naturalistic concept of language. The article touches upon the following issues: language as a social phenomenon, connection between people and language, thought-language correlation, periods of language evolution, dialects and language. The aim of the research is to compare linguistic views of F. F. Fortunatov and of other linguists оf naturalistic school of the XIX century, to reveal the similarities and the differences in the scientists' views and to define if F. F. Fortunatov belongs to naturalistic school. The main methods of the research are: descriptive analytical and comparative methods.

The article describes the different operation of the concept of translation units in the Russian and Chinese traditions. The variants of the choice of the unit of translation depending on the context are analyzed. The general principles of allocation of the unit of translation by language levels (respectively, the level of phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences) are systematized. The need for a flexible approach to the choice of translation units to ensure the most accurate translation of scientific and technical texts is shown.

The article tells about the features of the similarities and differences of two contemporary single-volume dictionaries of new words, published in China and Russia - of the “Dictionary of new words and meanings of Russian language” and “Dictionary of new words of Chinese language in the XXI century”. The general principles of construction of these dictionaries and specific instructions on their use are given. The macrostructure and microstructure of each of these dictionaries are analyzed, attention is paid to the design of dictionary entries and lexicographic notes and comments. The purpose of the study is to show the internal mechanism of their organization, to demonstrate the peculiarities of lexicographic tradition in Russia and China, as well as to reveal the specifics of the modern Russian and Chinese language picture of the world.