In the paper the description of different types of specialized Shakespeare dictionaries published in the XXI-st century is given. These dictionaries reflect new tendencies in English lexicography of the XXI. Special accent is made on the group of dictionaries, describing terminology of various subject areas (medicine, politics, military actions, religion, music, art, etc.) and analysis of LSP dictionaries published by Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries. The article also covers needs and demands of Shakespeare LSP dictionaries users (theatre directors and producers) some of whom comply their Shakespeare terminological dictionaries.

The purpose of this article is to establish the main local characteristics of the text of a large form - the novel. Selection of the main and minor features of the local architectonics of the novel within the contextual, descriptive and segmented textual research methods allows to build their hierarchical system in the macro text, which seems quite relevant in connection with the text construction issues. Using the results of the study, the author identifies several invariant features of the artistic space. These include a clear correlation between the two local subsystems of the text (the author’s speech and the characters' speech); fixing the main language tool that provides the local organization of the text as homogeneous or heterogeneous. The variability of the space of the events described in the novel helps the author to characterize the text in terms of monolocality or polylocality, and to describe fully the local organization of the novel as a type of text. The article is of practical interest for researchers involved in the theory of the text, problems of its organization and semantic integrity, both in linguistics and in literary criticism.

The article is devoted to a complex and diversified problem - the development of the language. The author examines in detail the aspect of the variability of the language. The historical transformation of language, as well as the development of thinking, should be considered as a process of successive transformation of one language system into another, and not as a change or repression of one system by another. The article analyzes various factors that influence the development of the language as a whole and the grammatical system as its part. This article attempts to uncover the causes of language changes. The author gives a generalized description of the factors influencing the development of a language, dividing them into intra-linguistic and extralinguistic ones. The language antinomies analyzed in the article are a constant stimulus to the internal development of a language. However, the author focuses the main attention on extralinguistic factors which are considered as the main sources of language development.

The article discusses the Christian and biblical symbols present in the texts of folk tales of the British Isles. Previously, folklore material was used for the interpretation of the Old Testament, biblical symbolism in literary tales was analyzed. The purpose of this study is to interpret Christian symbols in folk tales. As a material for the study, fairy and everyday religious tales that do not contain a story about the origin of the world and man or the lives of saints were chosen. The author proves that the symbols significant for Christianity are organically embedded in the texts of fairy tales and everyday religious tales, while their meaning is preserved or undergoes minor changes. The paper proposes a typology of means that actualize symbols, including: artifacts -objects; naturfacts - natural phenomena and representatives of the flora; living things; mentifacts - verbally expressed thoughts.

The aim of the article is to describe conditions which influence the valency features of modal words and particles. By means of descriptive and distributive methods it is shown that the valency of modal particles usually occurs more often because they refer to the whole sentence whereas modal words can refer only to one word which does not allow their valency potential to be fully realised. The analysis shows that logical relations between the sentences are built according to the scheme called modus ponens - a variety of implicative assertions. Not one but several sentences can act as left actants, while a sentence with a modal word or a particle functions as the right actant. The study is theoretically significant because it explores the conditions under which modal words and particles can function as elements with valency features. The results of the research can be used in class of theoretical and practical German grammar.

The article presents the author’s semantic classification of the phrasal verbs with figurative potential. The classification is based on the interaction between meanings of the verb and the preposition. Nine semantic groups are distinguished. Most phrasal verbs with figurative potential can be referred to the group of verbs denoting a person’s state (mental, emotional or physical).As the study shows the meaning of the verbal component makes the greatest impact on the meaning of the phrasal verb. The methods used in the study are the analysis of the semantic structure of a lexical unit according to dictionary definitions, quantitative analysis, comparative analysis. The article contributes to the semantic typology of phrasal verbs of the English language, adds to the system of knowledge about the phraseology of the English language.

The present article is devoted to the study of functioning of the opposition 'own vs. foreign' in Herta Müller’s novel “The Hunger Angel”. The author explicates semantical representations of the opposition, alterations and interactions between 'own' and 'foreign' in a novel and identifies the role of this opposition in forming the novel's ideological content. The research objectives have been achieved by means of method of continuous sampling, method of componential analysis and contextual analysis. The author concludes that there is no rigid connection between the elements of the opposition, the text itself deconstructs the opposition 'own vs. foreign', which determines the development of the plot and narrative dynamics.

The article presents the analysis of specific features of translation of terms and terminological word-combination in aviation texts on mooring and towing. The work describes problems connected with translation of word combinations denoting structural elements of mooring and towing equipment. The research was carried out together with specialists of UAC Company. In the process of the research the authors worked out an algorithm of work with difficult and polysemantic aerocosmic sphere terms including the terms which have not been included into the dictionaries.

The aim of this article is to examine the current features of the simultaneous interpretation activity (SIA), to propose additional features persistent to this type of interpretation as well as to develop a list of competences to be mastered by any simultaneous interpreter. The bulk of the research is the analysis of Russian and foreign publications on the topic, an update of the SIA features and the types of the interpretation situations. The undertaken analysis demonstrated that despite numerous scientific publications on the topic of the SIA, they do not cover the psychological features of the simultaneous interpretation that, if unaccounted for, could considerably hamper the process of the simultaneous interpretation. In conclusion of the article, the authors introduce, for the first time, the SIA psychological features alongside the linguistic and temporal ones. They also propose the competences that are vital to be mastered by all simultaneous interpretation experts. The article is addressed to scientists and instructors engaged in simultaneous interpreters training.

The article reveals the volume of meaning of the concepts «iskusstvo» and «remeslo» / “art” and “craft” in the Russian and the English languages. The comparative analysis of meaning of the words «iskusstvo» and «remeslo» / “art” and “craft” revealed the difference between the volume of their meanings. The study showed that the volume of meaning of the concept «iskusstvo» (7 meanings) / “art” (20 meanings) is quite broad in comparison with the volume of meaning of the concept «remeslo» (2 meanings) / “craft” (9 meanings). Also we noticed that «remeslo»/“craft” is usually connected with manual labour, mass production, and ready-made patterns. On the contrary, «iskusstvo»/“art” is associated with creativity, uniqueness, pursuit of perfection. The topic of the article is significant in studying national linguistic view of the world. It is possible to use the received information in courses of lectures and practical courses of contrastive-comparative linguistics.

This paper studies the “three-tier translation” approach worked out by Alekseev, a famous Russian sinologist, for translating Chinese classic. The purpose of this paper is to systematically analyze the three-tier translation and to explain Alekseev’s theory practical use by studying the Russian translation of the Chinese Analects of Confucius. Academician Alekseev has constructed a three-tiers system of translation: 1) verbatim translation of the original text, 2) accurate translation of the Chinese commentators’ annotations, 3) detailed explanations by the translator himself. Each tier has its own language characteristics, combined to reproduce the original text style. In the present work, the method of documentary studies, the comparative method, the descriptive-analogous method and the inductive method are used. This paper may be helpful to promote the development of Chinese-Russian translation practice.

The article presents the study of the peculiarities of the semantics of the verbal vocabulary of Western Iranian languages, to which the Dari language belongs, in order to clarify the systemic organization of the verbal vocabulary as a whole, and also to establish a connection between the structure of the lexical level and other levels of the language, particularly the grammatical level - morphology and syntax. Examples of Russian-Dari semantic correspondences are given, showing that the variants of meaning that in Russian verbs are components of the lexical semantics of verbs in the original form, are transmitted in Dari language using additional means of different levels, including morphological means and syntactic constructions of the word combination level. The methodological importance in comparing two fundamentally different verb systems of Western Iranian and Russian languages is emphasized. This article may be of interest to specialists in the field of theory and practice of translation.

We present the results of a comparative analysis of A. Christie “Ten Little Niggers” intralingual translation - the original English text and its American English variant and consider the adequacy of the translation. We have shown the peculiarities of the intralinguistic translation, its influence on the author’s text and also pointed out violations of multiculturalism. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the intra-language translation of the text in the framework of two linguistic cultures: British and American, taking into account the synchronic and diachronic aspects.

The article is devoted to the problem of the equivalence in translation. The authors regard a four-dimensional model of measurement of language analogy, which allows quantitative characteristics to assess the real degree of proximity of the original text and the translation. The article shows the implementation of this model in the educational process with differentiated quality control of translations made by students. The four-dimensional model helps to analyze translation errors and formulate practical recommendations aimed to improve the quality of each translation option and find the best. In the study, the authors use a wide range of methods: the method of linguistic symptomatology, which is the basis of the proposed four-dimensional model, the method of comparative analysis of originals and translations, the descriptive method, which allowed to draw conclusions about the general features of the proposed model implementation, the method of linguistic experiment, expert analysis, which allows to identify incorrect, poor-quality translations. The article will also be of interest to teachers of foreign language faculties, translators, practitioners and linguists, whose interests include literary translation.

The purpose of this article is identification of influence of euphemisms on formation of communicative integrity of the text. The author has analyzed English and German articles in which euphemisms function as a theme and a rheme, using methods of the distributive analysis, functional and segmental analyses. The analysis has helped to reveal new function of euphemisms as indexes of initial and new information in the text and their ability to influence communicative integrity of the text. Results of the research allow to conclude that euphemisms can be included into the list of means that form communicative integrity of the text. The article is addressed to linguists, experts in the German and English languages, to students-philologists and translators.

The article deals with the multi-aspect analysis of the influence of the context on the adequacy of the translation. The author considers the significance of the cultural component of meaning detected in the process of the lexical-semantic analysis of the humanities terminological units and focuses on difficulties of interlingual legal terminology translation. Besides, the role of translation in the language teaching is analised as mastering of a foreign language requires translation training which is impossible without knowledge of the worldview of a foreign language.

The referred work is devoted to the issues of economic term translation in children’s animated movies through speech development aspects. The translation analysis is carried out with a focus on the specifics of English and Russian linguistic cultures. The economic term integrated into creolized text is analyzed through its semantic, syntactic, contextual and stylistic features, and also is seen through the aspects of audience’s cognitive potential. This approach allows to broaden the understanding of economic mindset formation in different cultures and also contributes to the theory and practice of children’s movie translation.

Translation of books, articles title and names of films is a rather complex problem. Semantic fullness of the title, its correlation with implicit meanings of the text creates difficulties for translation. The purpose of the article is to analyze some translation strategies of the names of multimodal referential connected texts of animated serials titles. Variants of translation of the names of serial “Smeshariki”, completed in two variants - for American stream TV and for the European addressee are analyzed. Relevance of pragmatical translation and the approach to the series name as to a nomination of a commercial product is proved. The article is addressed to experts in the field of a nomination theory, theory and practice of translation and naming.

The referred work is devoted to the problem of adequate translation of Islamic toponyms. In the research, which is based on the novels of Afghan-born American novelist Khaled Hosseini, special attention is paid to classification, interpretation and translation of Islamic toponyms. Using the principles of comparative, descriptive, typological and contextual analysis the author provides some practical translation-based recommendation. The findings of the research may find practical application in the theory and practice of translation.

The aim of the article is to analyze the ability of discoursive parts with interchangeable speech subjects to render the emotive status of the writer, as the shift from one theme code into another can considerably enhance the emotive and sensual content of a text. The research includes methods of interdiscoursive analysis, characterized by active functional approach and anthropological bias with the consideration of extra-linguistic factors. This complex of methods enables the author to get the most adequate clue to understanding the diary heritage by Leo Tolstoy and John Fowles. As a result, the author makes a certain contribution into the development of a multifaceted analysis the massive semantic-functional category - language personality. In its turn this enriches the theoretical foundations of linguosemantics, cognitive linguistics, textual linguistics, stylistics, linguoculturology, and intertextuality, i.e. the ability of the text to include several interchangeable speech subjects at both form and contents levels.

The purpose of this article is to trace the similarities and differences in the use of euphemisms and euphemistic statements in Russian and American linguistic culture. The material used is dialogues from a novel by Gary Schmidt ‘The Wednesday Wars', containing euphemized elements, and their translations into Russian (the translation of O. Varshaver of 2012 is quoted in the paper). As a research method, the scheme proposed by L. Makarov was taken, as well as elements of multimodal discourse analysis. During the analysis, the selected speech fragment is divided into moves and transactions, then the cultural context of the communicative situation is considered as well as the number of participants and the history of their interaction, after that the form, tone and discourse style of the analyzed segment are described. The results of the research can be applied in teaching of foreign languages and cultures, the practice of translation, as well as in further theoretical studies on discourse analysis and pedagogical discourse analysis.