Aim. To define the main ways of expressing politeness in such speech acts as address, request, apology, gratitude and rejection and comparing the language means which serve as politeness markers in Russian, English, German and Urdu.
Methodology. The core content of the research is the study of lexical and grammatical ways of expressing politeness in four Indo-European languages: Russian, English, German and Urdu. The frequency of use of the etiquette formulas in the analysed languages in the process of direct communication with native speakers (Urdu, Russian) and their occurrence in video sources or social networks (English, German) served as the criteria for choosing them for the present work. Descriptive and linguistic-stylistic methods were implemented in the research.
Results. The study has enabled the authors to conclude that each of the languages in question has a wide range of means to express politeness in different communicative situations. Polite expressions are distributed across the registers of communication. There is a general of simplification of structures, which is more obvious in English and German and less obvious in Russian and Urdu.
Research implications. The research reveals the pragmatic value of the studied language means and contributes to the theory of speech acts as it presents a detailed comparative overview of the four widely spread languages in the world. The presented facts can be used for teaching theoretical and practical linguistic subjects.

Aim. To describe and substantiate the principles that form the basis for bilingual thesaurus modeling of the Russian and English shipbuilding terminology.
Methodology. The work aimed at construction of the bilingual shipbuilding thesaurus is carried out within the scope of thesaurus modeling method that implicates logical and linguistic modeling of the presented subject area.
Results. Basing on the theoretical foundation regarding linguistic modeling and terminological studies, nine principles were proposed to organize shipbuilding terminology into a thesaurus model so that it would be possible to implement contrastive analysis of Russian and English terminology systems and detect the inter-lingual terminological asymmetry at different levels.
Research implications. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is the possibility to implement the results in constructing the thesaurus revealing the Russian and English shipbuilding terminology systems in comparative aspect and further determining of the terminological asymmetry.

Aim. To study the phenomenon of ASMR as a mental, discursive space; to highlight the peculiarities of ASMR discourse.
Methodology. The descriptive method, the method of contextual analysis, and the functional-pragmatic method were the key research methods. The material of the study was 40 video texts with the number of views over 200 thousand, with a total duration of ~1440 minutes (~24 hours). The discourse-semiotic approach was used to identify the properties of ASMR-discourse.
Results. A high level of alterocentricity of ASMR-discourse was proven. Such properties as symmetrisation, subject stratification, autoreflexivity, evocativity, empathy and immersion were discovered.
Research implications. The study contributes to the development of a range of points of discourse semiotics and cognitive linguistics. The prospects for future research are the application of the method proposed in this paper to identify manipulative techniques and methods that “give tingles” and create a “space of pleasure” (R. Barthes's term). The practical material of the study can also be used in teaching a foreign language and for creating native advertising.

Aim. To consider the ways of expressing emphasis with discourse markers in the English fiction of the 17th century. To assess the role of emphatic discourse markers in the expression of national identity reflecting the peculiarities of the national mentality in such a communication-related feature as speech moderation.
Methodology. The paper describes the peculiarities of emphatic discourse markers, their frequency and variability in the English and Russian versions of the novel in question by means of linguistic description and context analysis, as well as by methods of comparison and quantitative calculations. The author describes the translation patterns of emphatic discourse markers applying a comparative analysis of the parallel literary texts.
Results. The author proves the functioning of discourse markers as one of the elements of emphatic means. The paper considers the features of the functional semantics of emphatic discourse markers. Their genetic relatedness to adverbs has been determined in most cases. The author reveals the most frequent translation patterns of emphatic discourse markers and assesses the level of expressiveness in the English and Russian texts of the novel in terms of emphatic discourse marker usage. The connection of emphatic discourse markers with national and cultural identity is substantiated as well.
Research implications. The research reveals the potential of emphatic discourse markers as auxiliary regulatory means used to enhance the expressiveness of speech in studying the emotional labeling of the semantic content of an utterance.

Aim. To study the manipulative techniques used by British and American quality media to form certain attitudes towards ecological and climate issues.
Methodology. Both general scientific methods and those of linguistics were used in the course of the research including cognitive linguistics methods such as conceptual and contextual analysis and the analysis of the cognitive metaphor selected with continuous sampling method.
Results. In course of the research such manipulative techniques as persuasion, suggestion and intimidation were singled out and described. Such manipulative techniques as the cognitive metaphor and the creation and adjustment of the concept CLIMATE CHANGE as a constituent of the shared worldview were analysed.
Research implications. The research contributes to the study of the discourse of the media as well as manipulation through language, the cognitive metaphor and conceptual analysis.

Aim. To classify loanwords of the Khmer language into semantic fields and thematic groups, identify the areas of vocabulary most susceptible to borrowing and determine the main directions of borrowing.
Methodology. The main research methodology is corpus analysis of the articles of the Khmer-language newspaper “Phnom Penh Post” (daily publications from May to August 2023), identification of foreign language borrowings using the continuous sampling method and their further thematic classification.
Results. The analysis showed that the largest number of nominations from the 11 semantic fields contain the semantic fields “social-political and military vocabulary”, “chemistry” and “information technology”. The reasons for the emergence of new loanwords in the Khmer language have been revealed.
Research implications. The significance of the study is the possibility of using the results obtained as educational materials on the history of the Khmer language, as well as in lecture courses on lexicology of the Khmer language.

Aim. To reveal the similarities and differences in the grammatical tense of the verbs of the dependent and main parts of complex sentences expressing the real condition in Persian and Russian languages.
Methodology. The authors conducted an analysis of the corresponding constructions in Persian and Russian languages, comparing the verb tenses of main and subordinate clauses in sentences of both languages. The analysis was carried out using descriptive and comparative methods.
Results. As a result, it was discovered that the main difference between Russian and Persian complex sentences with conditional tense is manifested in constructions where the verb in the main clause is in the imperative mood. In Russian, the verb in the subordinate clause in such scenarios is in the future tense, whereas in Persian it typically appears in the past tense.
Research implications. This research deepens the understanding of verb tenses in complex sentences with real conditional tense in Russian and Persian. The comparative analysis of these distantly related languages reveals the main differences and similarities, contributing to a better understanding of their functions. The practical significance lies in applying the results to improve methods used in teaching Russian to Iranian students and improving the quality of translation from Russian to Persian and vice versa. In addition, the results of the research can be used in the compilation of linguistic and translation theories in the field of theoretical, applied, comparative linguistics and linguistic typology, as well as in grammatical descriptions and textbooks.

Aim. To analyze, study and categorize metaphorical strategies used to convey heightened self-esteem (pride) in Russian and Chinese languages. It aims to identify shared traits and nuanced distinctions in linguistic techniques for expressing this intricate aspect of human emotion.
Methodology. In the course of the research, various types of linguistic analysis were used on the basis of a corpus-oriented approach: analysis of dictionary definitions, contextual analysis, elements of component analysis, comparative analysis, morphemic analysis. General scientific methods were also used: descriptive method, classification method.
Results. The metaphorical images of ‘pride’ present in various languages have both common and national-cultural features. Common to Russian and Chinese languages are orientation-type metaphors (up); ontological (human, gas, fire, light) and structural (disease). In Chinese, ‘pride’ can be associated with the national cultural metaphors of “half a bottle of liquid” and “a rotting plant”.
Research implications. The article is about the systematization of means expressing the meaning of pride, which can contribute to the ideographic description of this fragment of the mental-emotional sphere of person; identification of possible discrepancies with the means of different languages, and establishment of national and cultural components in the designation of the concept of pride.

Aim. To establish the national and cultural specificity of phraseological units with a zoonym component, which are closely related to the problems of studying individual imaginative thinking and identifying common features and differences between worldviews and values of individual ethnic groups using means of their reflection in the language, in particular on the material of English and German as closely related Germanic languages.
Methodology. The material for the study – the phraseological units with a zoonym component in German and English – was selected by a continuous sampling method from the bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, and analyzed using the method of component analysis, descriptive, comparative methods, as well as quantitative calculation methods.
Results. 205 phraseological units of the German language and 207 phraseological units of the English language were divided into thematic groups reflecting intellectual, physical, volitional properties, emotional state, character of a person, as well as characteristics not related to a person. The German language is dominated by phraseological units represented by 18 groups reflecting such characteristics as “Self-love”, “Cunning”, “Aggression”, and containing a negative meaning. In English, the phraseological units with a zoonym component are represented by 25 thematic groups, in which phraseological units predominate, which denote such signs as “Failure”, “Aggression”, and also have a negative meaning.
Research implications. The results of the research can be used in the study of semantics, structure, connotative and stylistic features of the phraseological units with a zoonym component in German and English, as well as in the study of language worldviews of native speakers represented by linguistic cultures. The results of the analysis can be used in practical classes in German and English, in seminars on lexicology, in lexicographic practice when compiling dictionaries of a special type.

Aim. To consider the cognitive mechanisms underlying the formation of aspectual semantics of English tense-aspect grammatical constructions.
Methodology. The research material comprises the definitions of key tense-aspect grammatical constructions, selected from English-English dictionaries and textbooks on English grammar by foreign authors. Using the methods of componential, cognitive and interpretive analysis of meanings, the levels of metaphorization reflecting the process of generating aspectual semantics are studied.
Results. The study showed that the opposition of aspectual meanings is based on the contrast of images that form the meanings of grammatical constructions.
Research implications. A methodology for analyzing the level-by-level construction of aspectual semantics has been developed. Conceptual schemes that reflect the contrasting images underlying the aspectual opposition are presented.