The present paper analyzes the term 'The Linguistic School of Prague' in connection with the activity of the famous Russian linguist N.S. Trubetzkoy. The usual understanding of the scientific school, that includes the opposed notions 'teacher'/ 'pupils' and 'founder' / 'followers', demands sometimes certain correction. Although N. Trubetzkoy cooperated fruitfully with the organizers of the Prague Linguistic Circle V. Mathesius and R. Jakobson, he was neither their 'pupil', nor their 'follower'. So, the necessity of the more precise definition of the notion 'the founder of the scientific school' is postulated.

This article explores sociohistorical conditions of development of American English. The notion of social and historical premises of the language development is interpreted as a complex of exogenous factors, which act as exterior impulses indirectly influencing the language system. Among these influences are isolation of development of American English, the necessity of standardization of its pronunciation and orthographic norms, reforms set off by N. Webster, W. Thornton, T. Jefferson and B. Franklin. The article emphasizes anthropocentric character of a wide range of exogenous factors, which determined the development of American English towards its simplification.

The article is devoted to the study of the accept of “energy" in linguistics and the possibility to adopt thermodynamics laws to the description of linguistic phenomena. Energetic properties of linguistic units are most clearly identified in the texts by bilingual authors, where the contrast between the creative language and the writer's mother tongue brings out vividly the ethnical energy of the latter. The special branch of linguistics - linguadynamics is to equate the energy of language with other forms of human activities. It must be understood, however, that the laws of linguadymanics are not identical with physical laws.

The present scientific research is concerned with studying the problem of variation in language mediation. The main attention is focused on the analysis of the criteria which help to estimate its depth. The linguistic form of the text is a lower criterion, while the text's discourse form is the upper criterion of estimation. From this point of view, the depth of variation in mediate interlanguage communication is divided into two types: as a divergence of the target text from the source text's linguistic form (this depth is estimated by the lower criterion) and as a divergence of the target text from source text's discourse form (this type of depth is estimated by the upper criterion).

The present article gives an overview of the concept of phonetic setting (articulation basis) of a language. The problem has been discussed for more than a century, but there is still no clear and comprehensive definition of the concept and as the result it can't be used to improve learning and teaching foreign languages. Analysis of Russian and foreign works on the subject is given in the article and the content, physiological basis and unified characteristics of the phonetic setting are presented.

Communication and goal characteristics of a public political speech in a conflict situation are studied in the article. Analysing President J.F. Kennedy's speeches, the author describes speech act specificity as connected with its information and communication structure. Special attention is given to the statements expressing aggression that characterise a text of a conflict situation. The author highlights several types of statements expressing aggression and illustrates them with examples from J.F. Kennedy's speeches making conclusion about the prevailing types of statements in the politician's speeches.

The article presents the results of semantic analysis of English proverbs objectifying the image “love”. The image under discussion is polysemantic, it allows to describe different spheres of human relations. The proverbial mapping of the English language, in which this notion plays an important role, uses various metaphorical models as means of emotional and evaluative explication of the image “love”. The types of the models are analysed in the article.

Imperative followed by tag-question is a well-known, wide-spread phenomenon of English colloquial dialogue speech. Their structural and intonation peculiarities, functions, main communicative meaning and connotations are analyzed in the article. The problem of their synchrony and diachrony is discussed as well. It is stated that the communicative meaning is basically preserved when adding a tag question to the imperative

The article describes certain peculiarities of English opinion journalism texts, related to the use of artistic means of expression. The general description is based on the dicteme theory developed by M.Y. Blokh. Comparison is pointed out as the key expressive means. These means carry both aesthetic and persuasive functions based on the purpose of the speech impact subject. The author draws attention to the relation of the languages of literature and daily communication in opinion journalism texts.

The present article is devoted to the problems of syntagmatic relations. Different relations are the main factors determining the distribution of the words in the eventive text in the process of the considered concept sense nodes objectivization. Syntagmatic relations in the communicative entity is a factor of the emergence of a multiplicity of penetration based on casual, contiguious, inclusive, gradual relations established in lexical repetition, enumeration etc., that is, in the context of a particular distribution of the words in the text. The concepts are structured in the process of language space expansion due to the emergency in our conscience of other endless multitudes- the so-called facts of conscience.

The paper analyzes the past participle functioning in professional customs literature in French, and gives their classification. It was shown that the semantics of analyzed participles represents the Customs, customs activities and legal issues, organizational activities in the field of customs. The frequency of usage of individual participles is identified, and the problems of translation of participles into Russian are considered. The article presents the results of semantic analysis of nouns defined by participles.

The subject of the article is abbreviation as a way to implement the principle of civility in Internet communication. The author is attempting to describe various types of netcronyms often employed by Polish Internet users to observe etiquette and the principle of saving time typical of Internet communication. Special attention is paid to the influence of abbreviation on the process of derivation in the Polish language of Internet communication. The phenomenon of abbreviation meets the requirements of modern times. In this respect this topic will not lose its relevance for a long time.

This article presents the specifics of the conceptual field Human Working Activities and its verbal expression through phraseological means of the English, German and Russian languages. The study is based on the author's macro-and micro field model. The analysis performed, as well as correlation coefficient indices indicate that there is a practically full correspondence of the classification of phraseological locutions and, thus, identity of linguistic world images under study. Specifics of the classification of phraseological locutions into micro fields identified in some languages reflect nation-specific particular qualities of linguistic cultures under consideration.

Use of puns in our speech enriches it, draws attention to the speaker, makes the process of communication bright and memorable. Puns are used almost everywhere, in literature, in newspaper titles, ads, titles of TV news, TV series, films etc. Pun is a very interesting phenomenon, as it contains information about the country and it reflects some elements of everyday life and art culture. When it comes to the translation of a pun, there are often lots of problems for a translator, as s/ he has a objective hard to achieve: to make a funny English joke based on wordplay understandable and funny as well for a Russian recipient. The article analyzes the English pun in close connection with its contextual characteristics, and also possibilities of its translation into Russian on the example of well-known American TV series “The Big Bang Theory”.

The article deals with the study of the content of English and Russian banking terminologies. The quantitative and novelty criteria enable us to identify a number of basic (traditional) and modern banking terms in accordance with their constancy and frequency of usage. The comparative analysis of the interpretation of the terms chosen reveals the common features and degree of discrepancy in the understanding of English and Russian banking systems. In most cases the difference between the lexicographic variants can be explained by the difference in the principles of the banking sector.

The article is devoted to a specific aspect of the translation of marketing materials as emotionally loaded and recipient focused texts. The algorithm of work with the key words, based on the preliminary analysis of adjectives acting as epithets, in the translation of marketing materials is proposed. The promotional material of an Apple Macintosh product taken from the company's Internet site has been studied. Texts in English and Russian were chosen for the analysis. Certain conclusions about the key role of adjectives in conveying the emotional impact have been made.

The article compares pragmatically equivalent German and Russian proverbs to identify additional (beyond the equivalent meaning) structural-semantic means that enhance the impact on the recipient. An attempt is made to define the cultural identity of German and Russian proverbs and on this basis to compare their potential impact. In our view, the 'additional' means (aphoristic character, rhythm, rhyme) increase regulatory effect on the recipient, and popularity proverbs in which they are used. Besides, some problems in selection of proverbs translation equivalents are considered in the article.