The article deals with terminological and live metaphors of negative semantics in scientific engineering texts. The analysis of the general and technical meanings of metaphors of negative semantics according to anthropocentrism is the main part of the research. Live metaphors of negative semantics are connected with negative emotions, behavior and critical analysis. Structurally-positive metaphors of negative semantics versus structurally-negative metaphors of negative semantics are thoroughly considered. Live metaphors of negative semantics organically used by the author have enhanced the emotional expressiveness of scientific engineering text significantly.

The article presents the description of English phraseological units from the point of view their variant representation. A linguistic sign in the cognitive-discursive paradigm consists of the form of the sign, the meaning and the inner conceptual form with the identity of phraseological variants. Internal conceptual form makes the mental basis for phraseological variants. Differences between variable lexemes reveal cognitive characteristics linking variable components of phraseological units. Gradation of attention and related cognitive prominence contributes to focusing on certain characteristics.

In May 2017, at the regular plenary meeting of the Academy of the Hebrew language it was decided to adopt new full spelling rules, which was in fact, a serious reform of the Hebrew spelling. The article provides a brief overview of the two Hebrew spelling systems, examines in detail the main provisions of this reform, compares the new rules with the previous versions of the “Rules of Full Spelling”, analyzes the positive and negative elements of this reform, as well as its possible consequences for both Israeli society and Hebrew students in Israel and beyond.

The article deals with the structural and semantic features of English perfusiological terminology. The results of the study show that this terminology system has an associative nature. Perfusiology like all other recent terminological systems includes a great number of terms from different fields of medicine. Since the core term in this system is «extracorporeal blood circulation» and the procedure is impossible without technical means (artificial circulation apparatus), from the semantic point of view this terminology system is divided into two independent fields (medical and technical ones). Within these fields five semantic groups can be identified and some of them include terms from the both fields. The study concluded that this kind of a terminological system composition and structure is characteristic of new branches of medicine due to a wide use of technical equipment. As a result one of the main criterion for the selection of such terms is the use of a terminological unit in a text of a relevant subject matter.

The article deals with an investigation of structurally identical abbreviations like V-Day, V-neck, viewed from the cognitive linguistics perspective. It demonstrates how the cognitive approach can be applied to analyzing initial-word abbreviations. The results of the research show that the status of the units under investigation depends on the genesis of their first components, which allows to refer them to two subgroups: true abbreviations/shortenings and quasi-abbreviations. Regularities of forming such abbreviations, structures of cognitive knowledge behind them and main reasons of their developing polysemy are also discussed in the article.

The article presents the analysis of the colloquial lexemes definitions included in the dictionaries of common literary and colloquial lexis of the modern German language. The subject of the research is the German verbal units which are marked as colloquial in all analyzed dictionaries (or most of them). The main purpose of this analysis is to find out the typical problems which occur in the lexicographic description of colloquial lexemes. The research material is German colloquial verbal units. Some specific examples are taken as the cases of including rarely-used lexemes in the dictionaries, discrepancy of one and the same lexeme definition in different dictionaries, and incomplete description of the semantic characteristics of the lexemes.

The paper presents an approach to the analysis of news agency discourse in its multidimensional process/product dynamics. The discourse production is a process reacting to the objective development of events; at the same time, each news text is a product of the journalist’s work that records a certain factual change. The author examines the elements whose interaction makes up the complex dynamics of news discourse: stages of news events, source texts and gradually developing news texts, as well as the impact of language environment on the journalist’s work. Agence France-Presse (AFP) news items serve as illustrative examples.

The paper tackles the problem of equivalence of terminology and aviation terms in three Russian translations of the novel “Runway zero-eight” by A. Hailey. Analogical and comparative approaches and complete selection method had been adopted as integral and comprehensive. The main aim is to provide a comprehensive survey of correct transfer of Aviation English Fundamentals for pilots. The object of our exploration are specific lexis equivalents in the aviation sublanguage. Profound analysis reveals that the existing translations are inaccurate due to a large number of omission of the terms, ignorance and distortion of International Civil Aviation Vocabulary in the process of interlingual transfer.

The article deals with the problem of translation controversy “semantics - usage” in translation of German dialogues into Russian and the analysis of semantic transformations in the usage-based adaptation of the translated text. The results of analysis of different variants of translation of dialogues chosen from German literature into Russian confirm the special role of the communicative situation in which the dialogue occurs, and the choice of linguistic expression used in a concrete communication situation. The results confirm the necessity of semantic transformation of dialogues conditioned by spontaneous usage adaptation in the translation from German into Russian to achieve equivalence of the regulatory impact of the source and the translation texts.

The article is devoted to the research into the metaphorical meanings of adjectives with perceptual features soft and hard in Russian, English and French. This kind of analysis allowed to identify the synaesthetic metaphors common and specific to these languages, as well as to find out if the adjectives with the same perceptual feature (soft or hard) or pairs of adjectives with opposing perceptual features (soft - hard) tend to develop metaphorical meanings more often. Comparison of semantic structures of the adjectives under research showed that the adjectives with the same perceptual feature in different languages tend to develop more similar meanings than pairs of adjectives with opposing perceptual features.